Why Are Statistics Necessary in Psychology

Why Are Statistics Necessary in Psychology Student Resources Print Why Are Statistics Necessary in Psychology? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers A lot of psychology students are surprised (and sometimes dismayed) to realize that statistics courses are required for graduation in their chosen major. Yes, statistics courses are a major part of virtually all psychology programs. Not only will you need to take at least one or two courses of statistics, but you will probably also encounter the subject in many of your other classes, particularly those that involve experimental design or research methods. In other words, you not only need to be able to pass a statistics class, but you also need to be able to understand statistics as well. The Importance of Statistics in Psychology So why are statistics important in psychology? First, lets think about the importance of statistics in general. Statistics allows us to make sense of and interpret a great deal of information. Consider the sheer volume of data you encounter in a given day. How many hours did you sleep? How many students in your class ate breakfast this morning? How many people live within a one-mile radius of your home? By using statistics, we can organize and interpret all of this information in a meaningful way. In psychology, we are also confronted with enormous amounts of data. How do changes in one variable impact other variables? Is there a way we can measure that relationship? What is the overall strength of that relationship and what does that mean? Statistics allow us to answer these kinds of questions. Statistics allow psychologists to: Organize Data: When dealing with an enormous amount of information, it is all too easy to become overwhelmed. Statistics allow psychologists to present data in ways that are easier to comprehend. Visual displays such as graphs, pie charts, frequency distributions, and scatterplots make it possible for researchers to get a better overview of the data and to look for patterns that they might otherwise miss.Describe Data: Think about what happens when researchers collect a great deal of information about a group of people. The U.S. Census is a great example. Using statistics, we can accurately describe the information that has been gathered in a way that is easy to understand. Descriptive statistics provide a way to summarize what already exists in a given population, such as how many men and women there are, how many children there are, or how many people are currently employed.Make Inferences Based Upon Data: By using whats known as inferential statistics, researchers can infer things about a given sample or population. Psychologists use the data they have collected to test a hypothesis or a guess about what they predict will happen. Using this type of statistical analysis, researchers can determine the likelihood that a hypothesis should be either accepted or rejected. Statistics in Daily Life Now that you have a better understanding of why statistics are essential in psychology, it might be helpful to look at how taking a statistics course can help you. Obviously, having a solid understanding of statistical methods can help you excel in almost all of your other classes. No matter what type of class you are taking, whether it is social psychology or human sexuality, you will be spending a great deal of time learning about research. Your foundation of statistical knowledge will allow you to make better sense of the research youll find described in your other psychology courses. Secondly, think about all the claims about psychology that you encounter on a daily basis outside of class. Magazines publish stories about the latest scientific findings, self-help books make proclamations about different ways to approach problems, and news reports often exaggerate or misinterpret psychology research. By understanding the research process, including the kinds of statistical analysis that are used, you will be able to become a wise consumer of psychology information and make better judgments of the information that you come across. Such judgment can help you determine which information is important and should be attended to and which information is safe to ignore. By understanding statistics, you can make better decisions that may affect your health and well-being. Getting Help With Statistics Of course, knowing why statistics are important might not necessarily help with that sense of dread you feel before stepping into your very first stats course. Theres good news, though! Even if you dont consider yourself good at math, you can still succeed in your behavioral stats classes. Sure, you might have to put in some extra effort, but there are plenty of tools and resources out there that can help. Start by discussing your concerns with your instructor. He or she might be able to recommend books, online tools, and on-campus resources that can be helpful. Consider joining or forming your own study group with your classmates. Dont overlook the assistance that might be available at your school. Many colleges and universities offer a math lab where students can go to receive extra help and tutoring with any type of math course, including statistics. Does Majoring in Psychology Require a Lot of Math? At first glance, many prospective psychology students assume that their chosen major will require very little math. After all, psychology is the science of the mind and behavior, so what does math have to do with it? Quite a bit actually. Math classes, and statistics, in particular, are an important part of any psychology program. Psychologists need to be able to utilize statistical methods to conduct research, analyze data, interpret results, and report their findings. As a psychology major, you will need to take math classes that fulfill your schools general education requirements as well as additional statistics requirements to fulfill your programs core requirements. So just how many math classes will you end up taking if you major in psychology? In most cases, you will have to take at least two, but in other cases, it might end up being between three and five. Check your schools graduation requirements as well as your psychology programs core requirements for more information.

Disability Policies For Disabled Individuals - 2194 Words

Disability in Australia has progressively become a more recognised social issue in todays contemporary society. The perception and ideas of disability has transitioned from one of institutionalisation to one of extensive support, which has lead to the development of many disability policies within Australia that aims to holistically meet the needs of disabled individuals. The development of three central disability policies, The National Disability Insurance scheme, National Disability Strategy 2010-2020 and the National Disability Agreement 2012 has altered the services available to disabled citizens, how supports are implemented, the wellbeing of disabled individuals and societal attitudes towards disability. The policy area conns†¦show more content†¦Under Australian disability policies, there is a significant focus on individuals with disabilities making their own decisions regarding what services they wish to use and which agencies/ organisations will provide those serv ices for them. This is highlighted in the NDIS provision of financial funding to the individual, not a service provider in order to allow the individual to choose their path as opposed to being told what services they are being allocated to. This gives the disabled individual a great sense of autonomy and empowerment as they are provided the opportunity to self direct their service use by being given choice and control over the supports they need to meet their goals. The central value of equality focuses on the attainment of an inclusive society that enables people with disability to reach their potential as equal, active and participating citizens while promoting equality of opportunities, financial stability, accommodation, employment and social participation. As a result of the value of human equality, social inclusion emerged as an essential value across policies. Social inclusion is recognised across policies as a foundational belief that disabled individual are active, included and valued members of society, therefore strategies have been implemented to increase their involvement in society. For example a central vision of the NDS aims for â€Å"people with disability to live in accessible and well designed communities with opportunity

Perspectives On Street Beggars And Homeless People

To Give or Not to Give? Perspectives on Street Beggars We have all walked past beggars on the street asking for money. Some people will routinely give money, others categorically refuse, and some are more undecided. Every time a beggar approaches us, we are instantly forced into an inner ethical dialogue about what is right and what is wrong? Street Beggars and homeless people is one of the social problems that every country all has to deal with it. Sometimes, when we walk on the streets, we are all seeing the beggars and homeless people and they are asking for money to buy food and drink. Some people will give the money to them because they feel sympathy for the poor people, but sometimes, they give the money just because they are force into an inner ethical that â€Å"the human should care, share and help each other† and some people are refused and undecided to give or not to give because the people they wonder if the Beggars do really need their help or the Beggars just take advantages from the people’s kindness. However, in my opinion, to give or not to give is all about your choice and is it right or wrong depended on your judgement. First of all, we need to define â€Å"what is the beggar mean†. The Beggars are a person who begs alms or lives by begging. In a big city, it is not hard to see beggars or homeless people on the street and the number is always increased. 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An Analysis of My Fair Lady Free Essays

HIS first big number, â€Å"With a Little Bit of Luck† was hilarious, and I think I enjoyed It more than â€Å"Get Me to the Church on Time† even though the latter Is the song you first think of associating with his character. HIS two dustmen friends were perfect as well, the three of them did the funniest little gig and the harmonize they did on the refrain was spot on. Scarcest sounded so exactly like Rexes Harrison it gave me chills. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of My Fair Lady or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have seen the 1964 film version of My Fair Lady eternally hundreds of times, I’m pretty sure I wore out the VS. version that my parents had when I was very young. I can hear Harrison reciting some of the most famous lines in my head. When Scarcest said â€Å"She’s so De-Al-callously low, so HO-rivalry dirty,† the hairs on the back of my neck stood up. The best number that Higgins did was probably â€Å"I’m an Ordinary Man†. The orchestra was fabulous especially In that song. â€Å"Vive Grown Accustomed to Her Face† has to be a close second. Aurora Florence played Elise Doolittle. Just because she wasn’t my favorite character In this particular reduction does not mean she wasn’t wonderful, because she was. She obviously worked very hard on her accents, and really she had the most work in that area to do since she had to learn both a Cockney accent and a proper English one. There was a few times where her Cockney fell flat, however. It seemed like she was concentrating too hard on the most â€Å"important† lines (â€Å"I washed me face an’ ‘ands before I come, I did†, â€Å"C’mon Dover, move hay blooming’ ears†) and I became aware that she was doing an accent, which is exactly what you don’t want to happen, it breaks the magic. That Ewing said, Ms. Florence has a beautiful singing voice and played a very touching and convincing Elise. The costumes were unbelievable. All of Elijah’s costumes were replicas of the costuming done in the film version. Even down to the flower girl outfit and the green skirt and white blouse that she wears In the â€Å"The Rain in Spain† scene. I didn’t really realize It until the scene at the Ascot racetrack when Elise emerges In that white dress with the horizontal black and white ribbon and the enormous feathered hat. I’m pretty sure I squealed. My favorite costume of Elijah’s is of course en gown Tanat seen wears to ten Massey Ball Ana ten costume gleaner 01 disappoint. The Jewels dripping from Elijah’s neck, ears, and wrists (not to mention that gorgeous tiara) seemed even more dazzling in the bright stage lights than they did in the film version. To summarize, this was the best production that Vive seen outside of Chicago or SST. Louis. I would argue that it was done as well or better than most of the productions Vive seen at the Lyceum as well. Big League Productions has its own website, and is touring extensively all over the country. If you get the chance to see this play, Jump on it. How to cite An Analysis of My Fair Lady, Papers

JAVA INCLUDES A LIBRARY OF CLASSES AND INTERFACES Essays

JAVA INCLUDES A LIBRARY OF CLASSES AND INTERFACES: The Java platform includes an extensive class library so that programmers can use already existing classes, as it is, create subclasses to modify existing classes, or implement interfaces to augment the capabilities of classes. Both classes and interfaces contain data members (fields) and functions (methods), but there are major differences. In a class, fields may be either variable or constant, and methods are fully implemented. To use an interface, a programmer defines a class, declares that it implements the Interface, and then implements all the methods in that interface as part of the class. These methods are implemented in a way that is appropriate for the class in which the methods are being used. Interfaces let one add functionality to a class and give a great deal of flexibility in doing it. A package is a collection of related Java classes and interfaces. The following list, however not complete, gives example of some Java packages and what they cover. Java.lang: The basic classes. This package is so basic that it automatically is included in any Java program. It includes classes that intercepts with numeric, strings, objects, runtime, security, and threads. Java.io: Package that includes classes managing reading data in input streams and writing data into output streams. Java.util: Miscellaneous utility classes, including generic data structures, bit sets, time, date, the string manipulation, random number generation, system properties, notification and enumeration of data structures. Java.net: Classes for network support. Java.awt: Classes that manage user interface components such as windows, dialog boxes, buttons, checkboxes, lists, menus, scrollbars, and text fields, the AWT stands for Abstract Window Toolkit. Java.awt.image: Classes for managing image data, including color models, dropping color flittering, setting pixel values, and grabbing snapshots. Java.applet: The Applet class, which provides the ability to write applets, this package also includes several interfaces that connect an applet to its documents and to its document. Java.sql: The JDBC API, classes and interfaces that access databases and send SQL Statements. The first three packages listed, java.lang, java.io and java.util form the basis, they are basic classes and interfaces for general-purpose programming. Java development kit version1.1 added some new packages, with JDBC being one of them. Other new packages include such thing as Remote Method Invocation, Security and Java Beans, the new API for creating reusable components. In Java, packages serve as the foundation for building other packages, as discussed in the following section. JAVA IS EXTENSIBLE: A big plus for Java is the fact it can be extended. It was purposely written to be lean with the emphasis on doing what it does very well, instead of trying to do everything from the beginning, it was return so that extending it is very simple. The JDBC API, the java.sql package, is one example upon which extensions are being built. In addition to extensions there are also main tools being developed to make existing capabilities easier to use. For example, there is already a tool that greatly Simplifies creating and laying out Graphical User Interfaces such as menus, Dialog boxes and buttons. SECURITY: It is important that a programmer not be able to write subversive code for Applications or applets. This is especially true with the Internet being used more and more extensively for services such as electronic commerce and electronic delivery of software and multimedia content. The Java platform builds in security in four ways. The way memory is Allocated and laid out: In Java an objects location in memory is not determined until The runtime, as opposed to C and C++, where the compiler makes memory layout Decisions. As the result, a programmer cannot look at a class definition and figure out how it might be laid out in memory. Also since, Java has no pointers, a programmer cannot forge pointers to memory. The way incoming code is checked: The Java virtual machine doesnt trust any incoming code and subjects it to what is called throughte code verification. The throughte code Verifier, part of the virtual machine, checks that the format of incoming code is correct incoming code doesnt forge pointers, it doesnt violate access restrictions, it accesses objects what they are. The way classes are loaded: The Java throughte code loader, another part of the virtual machine, whether classes loaded during program execution are local or from across a network. Imported

tHOMAS jEFFERSON essays

tHOMAS jEFFERSON essays "Thomas Jefferson and the American Ideal" Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States. He was from Virginia and was one of the youngest men in Congress. He had only recently become involved in politics. John Adams, the delegate from Massachusetts, had years of experience. Jefferson thought it was only logical that the task of writing this important document should fall to the older, more experienced statesman. Adam's wanted Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence, but Jefferson did not want to do it because he thought it would be too hard and it would take a lot of thinking. Jefferson was a writer, inventor, a statesman, and an architect. He explored the new ideas about science and government that were taking shape all around him. When he was told that he had to write the Declaration of Independence, he started right away which is contradictory to what we would think, because he didn't want to do it. It took him 2 weeks to write the Declaration. With this document, the colonies were declaring themselves independent. Americans would govern themselves. Thomas Jefferson had first learned the principle of individual freedom as a student in Williamsburg. He had learned that there were certain rights by which all people had to live to be able to make their own choices, and to be free to do as they wished as long as it didn't hurt others. Today we take these ideas for granted, but they were fairly new in the 1770's. The Americans were not allowed to govern themselves, to set taxes for themselves, or to defend themselves. Thomas' first home was the family plantation of Shadwell on the Rivana River. When Thomas was nine years old, his family moved from the Randolph's place back to their own plantation, Shadwell. On a bright September morning in 1752, a wagon drove up the path to Shadwell. The driver gave a shout and the family hurried outside. Everyone help...

Auspices and Guises

Auspices and Guises Auspices and Guises Auspices and Guises By Maeve Maddox In an interview with Palestinian film-maker Hany Abu-Assad about his film Omar, NPR’s Rachel Martin made the following statement: He [Omar] goes there [to the other side of a wall that separates him from his sweetheart] under the auspices of planning some kind of attack with Nadia’s brother† The context implies that planning the attack is a subterfuge for Omar, an excuse to be with Nadia. Martin’s use of the expression â€Å"under the auspices of† is inappropriate in this context. Auspices is one of those words we inherited from ancient Roman religion. In ancient Rome, the auspex observed the flight of birds for the purpose of obtaining an omen from the gods. The work of the auspex was known as â€Å"taking the auspices.† When the auspices were favorable, people proceeded with whatever enterprise they were planning, confident of success. In modern usage, auspices has come to mean â€Å"patronage.† It refers to influence exerted by a person or organization on behalf of an undertaking. This patronage usually spells the difference between success and failure. Here are some examples of the usage: Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he [Christopher Columbus] completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Extended Participation in General Multilateral Treaties concluded under the auspices of the League of Nations (title of a monograph) For the first time in nearly 50 years, the Commonwealth’s scientists are coming together under the auspices of the Royal Society for a groundbreaking conference â€Å"In the guise of† is probably the expression the NPR interviewer was reaching for. Worded both as â€Å"in the guise of† and â€Å"under the guise of,† the expression means â€Å"an assumed appearance or pretense.† The expression can be used to mean simply â€Å"dressed as† or â€Å"disguised as†; for example, one might go to a costume party â€Å"in the guise of Cinderella.† More often, the pretense is intended to deceive: If Tyranny and Oppression come to this land, it will be in the guise of fighting a foreign enemy. –James Madison Mr. Fox befriended Jemima Puddle Duck in the guise of a friendly neighbor. Urban Shield exists under the guise of fighting terrorism and â€Å"disaster preparedness† in heavily-populated areas. Protestors stormed a McDonald’s franchise demanding justice for an employee they say was fired under the guise of feeding the homeless, but was really let go for political reasons. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsBest Websites to Learn EnglishA Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases